![]() Biostimulants like melatonin (MET) have a multifunctional role that acts as a “defense molecule” to safeguard plants against the noxious effects of temperature stress. Temperature extremes (including both heat and cold stresses) is one of the most limiting factors in plant growth and development and severely affect plant physiology, biochemical, and molecular processes. Global climate changes cause extreme temperatures and a significant reduction in crop production, leading to food insecurity worldwide. Results from this study will provide the basis for further understanding the mechanisms of cytokinin in regulating the grafting process of Chinese hickory. In contrast, the expression levels of some genes were up-regulated by 2–10 times at various stages of the grafting, implying that they might play a positive role in the grafting process. Expression profiles of CcRRs during the critical periods of grafting success showed that two CcRRs (CcRR4 and CcRR22) were significantly down-regulated to less than 10% of the original, indicating that these genes might function as negative regulators in the grafting process. The tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that the majority of genes were expressed in all tissues, but a few were tissue-specific, such as CcRR4 in the embryo, CcRR10 in the roots, CcRR14b in the pericarps, and CcRR22 in the testae. Numerous phytohormone-related cis-regulatory elements were detected on the promoter sequences of CcRRs, and qRT-PCR data verified that the majority of CcRR genes showed a noticeable responsiveness to various hormones, particularly CcRR1, CcRR3, and CcRR8. All CcRRs encoded hydrophilic proteins with receptor domain. All type-B and some type-A CcRRs (CcRR5/9a/9b) were nucleus-localized, whereas the other type-A CcRRs (CcRR3/4/8/16/17) and type-C CcRRs (CcRR22) were nucleus- and cytomembrane-localized. In this study, 17 CcRR genes were identified from Chinese hickory, including 8 type-A CcRRs, 8 type-B CcRRs, and 1 type-C CcRR. However, the characteristics and expression patterns of RR genes in Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis) are still less studied. ![]() The response regulator (RR) genes play a crucial function in the cytokinin signaling pathway and in activating the downstream genes to respond to cytokinin in the two-component system. In this review, we intend to examine the actions of melatonin in plants from a broader perspective, explore the range of its physiological functions, and analyze the relationship between melatonin and other metabolites and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the expression levels of several genes and the contents of diverse secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids, were significantly altered. It has the capacity to tackle regulation of the redox, plant hormone networks, and endogenous melatonin. Under abiotic and biotic stresses, melatonin brings together many pathways to increase access to treatments for the symptoms of plants and to counteract the negative effects. In view of its role in regulating aspects of plant growth and development, we ponder and summarize the scientific discoveries about seed germination, root development, flowering, fruit maturation, and senescence. It has been extensively applied to alleviate the harmful effects of abiotic stresses. An increasing number of studies have shown that melatonin plays essential roles in plant growth and stress tolerance. Melatonin is a multifunctional molecule that has been widely discovered in most plants.
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